Fritz Lang (Vienna, December 5, 1890 – Los Angeles, August 2, 1976) is considered one of the most famous representatives of German expressionism.
The purpose of this post is to know the characteristics of the Expressionist movement and how it manifested itself in the cinema.
Image: Fritz Lang por Bundesarchiv, Bild 102-08538 / CC-BY-SA 3.0, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=5414285
The Expressionism
Expressionism is a very broad movement, beginning with painting, but eventually also passing through sculpture, 
architecture, literature, music and cinema.
Expressionism as an artistic movement is born in Germany (territory at the time belonging to the Prussian Empire).
Fruit of the need to externalize the impact of the modern life of the time and the growing crisis of values.
This crisis was based on several factors resulting from the development of urban life:
- Accelerated industrialization.
- Imperialist tendencies.
- Unraveling traditional life.
- Growing misery among the working class.
- Increased marginality.
- Degradation of bourgeois life.
In fact, Expressionism wants to reflect on the fragility of the human condition, whether by caricature or by the grotesque.
In this sense, this artistic chain is seen as an instrument of social and political denunciation.
The German expressionist cinema
German Expressionism was one of the first artistic genres to influence cinema, paving the way for successive
other vanguard styles and techniques.
Expressionist films were born out of the relative isolation of Germany from the rest of Europe during the 1910s. The appeal for cinema was strong and there was a huge demand.
With the prohibition imposed by the German government on the importation of foreign cinema, the creation of national cinema became primate.
The resulting creations soon spread through international territories.
By the early 1920s several European filmmakers began experiments with the aesthetics of the absurd and savage German cinema.
Two of the most influential films of the time were “Dr. Caligari’s Cabinet” (1920), by Robert Wiene (German, 1873-1938) and “Metropolis” (1927) by Fritz Lang (Austrian, 1877-1961) .
Click the image to link to digital copies of original movies.
You can view the movie “The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari” and search for other movies that interest you.
The site is in English and the original versions are in German.
Like expressionist painting, the expressionist film seeks to convey the subjective inner experience.
Fritz Lang
In 1927, Fritz Lang would make “Metropolis” an equally pioneering and groundbreaking film.
Set in a dystopian future, the metropolis tells the story of two worlds:
- the upper city, inhabited by the rich ruling class.
- and the underground city, filled with the impoverished working class, who spends its days working on the huge machines that keep the city running.
There is some disagreement among film historians about if “Metropolis” can truly be considered an expressionist film.
The scenery of the great city does not contain such overtly expressionist images as “Dr. Caligari’s Cabinet”.
But the exaggerated movements of the characters, the tendency toward angularity, the crowded city panorama and the intense contrasts between the superior and the lower city are details that adhere directly to the expressionist tradition.
Similar to the paintings produced by members of the expressionist movement Die Brücke, “Metropolis” by Fritz Lang represents the city’s environment as marked by chaos, tension and intensity.
“Metropolis” is considered as the last representative film of German Expressionism.
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